GHK-Cu

Description

GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex found in human plasma, urine, and saliva. First isolated by Dr. Loren Pickart in 1973, it has since become one of the most extensively studied anti-aging peptides. GHK-Cu plasma levels decline significantly with age — from approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20 to 80 ng/mL at age 60 — and this decline correlates with reduced tissue repair capacity and increased inflammatory gene expression. Microarray analysis has shown that GHK-Cu can modulate the expression of over 4,000 human genes (approximately 31% of the genome), resetting the expression profile of aged fibroblasts toward a younger state. Its applications span wound healing, skin rejuvenation, hair follicle stimulation, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential neuroprotective and anti-cancer properties.

Key Characteristics

Investigated Benefits

• Collagen and elastin synthesis
• Antioxidant defense upregulation
• Hair follicle stimulation
• Wound healing acceleration
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Skin rejuvenation

* Benefits based on preclinical/animal research unless otherwise noted.

Mechanism of Action

GHK-Cu functions as a master gene regulator, primarily through its ability to modulate the activity of transcription factors including SP1, NF-κB, and the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. By activating Nrf2, GHK-Cu upregulates the expression of over 200 cytoprotective genes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and heme oxygenase-1. In connective tissue, it stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis via TGF-β signaling, activates lysyl oxidase (which cross-links collagen fibers for structural integrity), and promotes the synthesis of decorin and other proteoglycans. GHK-Cu also activates the ubiquitin-proteasome system to clear damaged proteins, promotes angiogenesis through VEGF upregulation, and modulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) to balance extracellular matrix remodeling. The copper ion component is essential for the activity of copper-dependent enzymes including lysyl oxidase, SOD, and cytochrome c oxidase.

Reconstitution Guide

Add 2 mL bacteriostatic water to 2 mg vial → 1 mg/mL

Research Highlights

1. 1Microarray analysis shows regulation of 31.2% of human genome
2. 2Upregulates collagen synthesis by 70% in fibroblast cultures
3. 3Promotes hair follicle growth in multiple studies

Compatible Peptides

Peptides commonly used alongside GHK-Cu for synergistic effects.